Two main techniques have been used for training elephants, which we may respectively the tough
and the gentle. The former method simply consists of setting an elephant to work and beating
him until he does what is expected of him. Apart from moral considerations this is a stupid
method of training, for it produces a resentful animal who at a later stage may well turn
man-killer. The gentle method requires more patience in the early stages, but produces a
cheerful, good-tempered elephant who will give many years of loyal service.
The first essential in elephant training is to assign to the animal a single mahout who will
be entirely responsible for the job. Elephants like to have one master just as dogs do, and
are capable of a considerable degree of personal affection. There are even stories of
half-trained elephant calves who have refused to feed and pined to death when by some
unavoidable circumstance they have been deprived of their own trainer. Such extreme cases
must probably be taken with a grain of salt, but they do underline the general principle
that the relationship between elephant and mahout is the key to successful training.
The most economical age to capture an elephant for training is between fifteen and twenty
years, for it is then almost ready to undertake heavy work and can begin to earn its keep
straight away. But animals of this age do not easily become subservient to man, and a very
time man, and a very firm hand must be employed in the early stages. The captive elephant,
still roped to a tree, plunges and screams every time a man approaches, and for several days
will probably refuse all food through anger and fear. Sometimes a tame elephant is tethered
nearby to give the wild one confidence, and in most cases the captive gradually quietens
down and begins to accept its food. The next stage is to get the elephant to the training
establishment, a ticklish business which is achieved with the aid of two tame elephants
roped to the captive on either side.
When several elephants are being trained at one time, it is customary for the new arrival
to be placed between the stalls of two captives whose training is already well advanced.
It is then left completely undisturbed with plenty of food and water so that it can absorb
the atmosphere of its new home and see that nothing particularly alarming is happening to
its companions. When it is eating normally, its own training begins. The trainer stands in
front of the elephant holding a long stick with a sharp metal point. Two assistants,
mounted on tame elephants, control the captive from either side, while others rub their
hands over his skin to the accompaniment of a monotonous and soothing chant. This is
supposed to induce pleasurable sensations in the elephant, and its effects are reinforced
by the use of endearing epithets. The elephant is not son', or 'ho! my father', or 'my
mother', according to the age and sex of the captive. The elephant is not immediately
susceptible to such blandishments, however, and usually lashes fiercely with its trunk
in all directions. These movements are controlled by the trainer with the metal-pointed
stick, and the trunk eventually becomes so sore that the elephant curls it up and seldom
afterwards uses it for offensive purposes.