Men and women different ...3
Adding to the picture, other research has shown that the genders begin to differ in personality
very early in life. For example, one study published in 2013 looked at ratings of the temperament
of 357 pairs of twins made when they were three-years-old. The boys were rated as more active, on
average, than the girls, while the girls were rated as more shy and as having more control over
their attention and behaviour. And gender differences in personality seem to persist into the
twilight years. Another study looked at average differences in personality between women and men
aged 65 to 98, and just as with research on younger adults, the elderly women tended to score
higher on Neuroticism and Agreeableness than the elderly men. These findings make sense to
evolutionary psychologists who say that our psychological traits today reflect the effect of
survival demands experienced by our distant ancestors, and further,that these demands were
different for men and women. For example, women with more nurturing personalities would have
been more likely to succeed in raising vulnerable offspring, while men with bolder personalities
would have been more successful in competing for mates. In turn, these traits would have been
passed down to successive generations. Some scholars and commentators are uncomfortable with
such a biological account of human behaviour, however, which they feel underestimates the
influence of the social and cultural forces that shape who we are and how we behave. It's almost
certainly true that these social forces play a part. But all three large, cross-cultural studies
by Costa, McCrae and others actually found men and women differed in average personality more in
more developed and gender-egalitarian cultures, such as in Europe and America than in cultures in
Asia and Africa where there is less gender equality (as measured by such things as women's literacy
and life expectancy).
very early in life. For example, one study published in 2013 looked at ratings of the temperament
of 357 pairs of twins made when they were three-years-old. The boys were rated as more active, on
average, than the girls, while the girls were rated as more shy and as having more control over
their attention and behaviour. And gender differences in personality seem to persist into the
twilight years. Another study looked at average differences in personality between women and men
aged 65 to 98, and just as with research on younger adults, the elderly women tended to score
higher on Neuroticism and Agreeableness than the elderly men. These findings make sense to
evolutionary psychologists who say that our psychological traits today reflect the effect of
survival demands experienced by our distant ancestors, and further,that these demands were
different for men and women. For example, women with more nurturing personalities would have
been more likely to succeed in raising vulnerable offspring, while men with bolder personalities
would have been more successful in competing for mates. In turn, these traits would have been
passed down to successive generations. Some scholars and commentators are uncomfortable with
such a biological account of human behaviour, however, which they feel underestimates the
influence of the social and cultural forces that shape who we are and how we behave. It's almost
certainly true that these social forces play a part. But all three large, cross-cultural studies
by Costa, McCrae and others actually found men and women differed in average personality more in
more developed and gender-egalitarian cultures, such as in Europe and America than in cultures in
Asia and Africa where there is less gender equality (as measured by such things as women's literacy
and life expectancy).
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